[108][109] An estimated 450,000 Syrian Christians have fled their homes. Other Syrian beverages include ayran, jallab, white coffee, and a locally manufactured beer called Al Shark. Syria continues to foster good relations with its traditional allies, Iran and Russia, who are among the few countries which have supported the Syrian government in its conflict with the Syrian opposition. For other uses, see, Syria Export Treemap by Product (2014) from. contiguous zone: Its main left-bank tributaries, the Balikh and the Khabur, are small perennial rivers that both rise in the Syro-Turkish border region. [183] Proven offshore expeditions have indicated that large sums of oil exist on the Mediterranean Sea floor between Syria and Cyprus. Religious groups include Sunnis, Christians, Alawites, Druze, Isma'ilis, Mandeans, Shiites, Salafis, and Yazidis. [200], On 24 August 2020, a gas pipeline between the suburbs of Al-Dumayr and Adra in the Damascus area came under an attack. [186], The indigenous Assyrians and Western Aramaic-speakers number around 400,000 people,[214] with the Western Aramaic-speakers living mainly in the villages of Ma'loula, Jubb'adin and Bakh'a, while the Assyrians mainly reside in the north and northeast (Homs, Aleppo, Qamishli, Hasakah). It also acknowledged the rights of landlords to form their own syndicates. [192], As of 2012[update], Syria's oil and tourism industries in particular have been devastated, with US$5 billion lost to the ongoing conflict of the civil war. [133] On 7 May 2012, Syria held its first elections in which parties outside the ruling coalition could take part. [98] In July 2011, Army defectors declared the formation of the Free Syrian Army and began forming fighting units. Domestic water use stands at only about 9% of total water use. [78] Defeat in this war was one of several trigger factors for the March 1949 Syrian coup d'état by Col. Husni al-Za'im, described as the first military overthrow of the Arab World[78] since the start of the Second World War. Between the humid Mediterranean coast and the arid desert regions lies a semiarid steep zone extending across three-quarters of the country, which receives hot, dry winds blowing across the desert. Most Kurds (8.5%)[225] and most Turkoman (3%)[225] are Sunni and account for the difference between Sunnis and Sunni Arabs, while 13% of Syrians are Shia Muslims (particularly Alawite, Twelvers, and Ismailis but there are also Arabs, Kurds and Turkoman), 10% Christian[224] (the majority are Antiochian Greek Orthodox, the rest are Syrian Orthodox, Greek Catholic and other Catholic Rites, Assyrian Church of the East, Armenian Orthodox, Protestants and other denominations), and 3% Druze. [186] Long-run economic constraints include foreign trade barriers, declining oil production, high unemployment, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution. Mount Hermon 2,814 m, Natural hazards: Marriage ceremonies and the births of children are occasions for the lively demonstration of folk customs.[232]. The ensuing instability following the 1961 coup culminated in the 8 March 1963 Ba'athist coup. Syria is significant in the history of Christianity; Saulus of Tarsus, better known as the Apostle Paul, was converted on the Road to Damascus and emerged as a significant figure in the Christian Church at Antioch in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys. Syria received significant financial aid from Arab states of the Persian Gulf as a result of its participation in the Persian Gulf War, with a sizable portion of these funds earmarked for military spending. Northeast of the Euphrates, which originates in the mountains of Turkey and flows diagonally across Syria into Iraq, is the fertile Jazira region. The country also has 900 kilometres (560 miles) of navigable but not economically significant waterways. However, his rule over Syria ended after only a few months, following the Battle of Maysalun. land: Rainfall in this area is fairly abundant, annual precipitation ranging between 750 and 1,000 millimeters (30 and 40 in). This was soon followed by another overthrow, by Col. Sami al-Hinnawi, who was himself quickly deposed by Col. Adib Shishakli, all within the same year. Damascus was home to the fifth and seventh Pan Arab Games. Pg.110. The military is a conscripted force; males serve in the military upon reaching the age of 18. The process was completed with the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Frost is unknown in any season, although the peaks of the Jabal an Nusayriyah are sometimes snow-covered. Print. It began in 2011 as a chain of peaceful protests, followed by an alleged crackdown by the Syrian Army. Several modern Arabic dialects are used in everyday life, most notably Levantine in the west and Mesopotamian in the northeast. In 1939, while Syria was still a French mandate the French ceded the Sanjak of Alexandretta to Turkey as part of a treaty of friendship in World War II. Natural resources: This language was to remain dominant in Syria and the entire Near East until after the Arab Islamic conquest in the 7th and 8th centuries AD, and was to be a vehicle for the spread of Christianity. The following Neolithic period (PPNB) is represented by rectangular houses of Mureybet culture. By the 21st century BC, Hurrians settled the northern east parts of Syria while the rest of the region was dominated by the Amorites, Syria was called the Land of the Amurru (Amorites) by their Assyro-Babylonian neighbors. [135] It was justified by the government in the light of the continuing war with Israel over the Golan Heights. [185] The government increasingly relies on credit from Iran, Russia and China. [63], Sections of Syria were held by French, English, Italian and German overlords between 1098 and 1189 AD during the Crusades and were known collectively as the Crusader states among which the primary one in Syria was the Principality of Antioch. [215], The second-largest ethnic group in Syria are the Kurds. Nothing today is more serious, and nothing is receiving more serious scrutiny".[152]. [25] The Greek name appears to correspond to Phoenician ʾšr "Assur", ʾšrym "Assyrians", recorded in the 8th century BC Çineköy inscription.
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