A sharp reduction in tourist flows, length of stay and spending, as well as increased restrictions on business travel expenses, led to a significant contraction of economic activity in the sector worldwide. To explore this relationship, the authors undertook a review of 87 studies, finding that a univocal relationship is observed between tourism and economic growth in 55 of them and a bidirectional relationship in 16, while nine studies either verify that the relationship runs from growth to tourism or find no relationship at all. De la Madrid (2017a), available at: www.gob.mx/sectur/prensa/debe-privilegiarse-al-turismo-por-ser-alto-generador-de-empleos-a-nivel-nacional, De la Madrid (2017b), available at: www.gob.mx/sectur/prensa/crece-12-2-llegada-de-turistas-internacionales-y-9-8-derrama-economica-en-primer-semestre-emc. One of their most important conclusions with regard to globalization is that it is preferable to compare the relationships between tourism and economic activities by groups of countries rather than individually, namely that the regional effects should be taken into account, as should the fact that the efficacy of the models is improved. OCDE (2017), Tourism Policy Review of Mexico, OCDE, Paris. According to previous studies from the literature on employment in tourism and related activity, the models estimated enable the identification of relationships among the variables to study the impact of tourism activity and other relevant variables on employment. 6 No. 1, pp. The second section presents the empirical evidence that enables the observation of the possible relationship among the variables of interest, such as employment, economic growth, national and international tourists, exchange rate, and tourism infrastructure. The results of said studies can be used in the design of industrial policy strategy and in decision-making processes; however, they also indicate that many of the economic benefits associated with tourism activity are often exaggerated. Therefore, they propose the determination of the contribution based on the calculation of the global measurements with the published empirical evidence, namely via meta-analysis, which will enable the integration and synthesis of estimations obtained in prior studies. 91-101. In terms of this indicator, this growth is similar to the 4 per cent increase in visits by international tourists, making evident the strong correlation between the two indicators. Barrón, K. Moreno, L. and Gómez, C. (2019), “Empresas turísticas generación de empleo. Studies such as those by Crouch and Ritchie (1999) document the role played by tourism as a generator of prosperity and quality of life, both for tourists themselves and the host communities. 1235-1254. While we also include the GDP lagged for a period to observe the impact and inertia of economic growth in employment in the tourism sector, this was not found to be statistically significant in any of the models. Craigwell, R. (2007), “Tourism competitiveness in small island developing states”, World Institute for Development Economics Research, Research 2007/19. Thus the tourism industry has tremendous capacity to create both direct and indirect employment. 94-114. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTA-10-2018-0029. The impact that tourism has had on Spanish economic growth and the magnitude of the parameter verify the long-term effects, prompting the authors to argue that this finding strengthens the predictions made in other studies that have focused on tourism as a service and a non-tradable good. Ladking, A. Highlighted among the important variables to consider in the development of tourism at a national level are the growing demand for associated services and the affinity with the geographical, natural and cultural characteristics of the regions in which it is based. Compared to other sectors of the global economy, the industry is one of the fastest growing, accounting for more than one-third of the total global services trade. 652-655. In other words, the results of the cointegration tests used here show that these variables maintain a relationship or balance over the long-term. They found that the income generated by international tourism positively affected the growth of the Spanish economy for the period 1975-1997.
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